french normalized kind english also first_page reason standard exceptions abielir abielir word please 12 the plain verb for Paris and Ulrich's plaire Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster acomplissables accomplissable word the one who completes 131 said of the knight who will fill the Round Table's last seat; English needs the person, not an adjective Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster acorde acorde word agreement settlement, of a quarrel 119 "accord" is diplomatic English; the barons agree to a plan Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster acoustumeement acoustumeement word regularly as was the custom 98 one word for a king holding court as a habit Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster acreanté acreanter word promise guarantee, where a pledge is given for another 15 a promise made to a confessor, so the everyday verb Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Adan adan name Adam 1 the form every English reader knows Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster adeser adeser word touch lay a hand on, where harm is meant 22 Paris and Ulrich's toucher Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster adrecha adrechier word provide for settle in life, of children married or placed 120 the king sees to the children's futures; "address" would be a false friend Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster affaitier, afaitier, affaitie affaitier word mend well-mannered, for affaitie said of a woman (1:122); patch, said again near mend (1:49) 48 shoes mended for a pilgrimage; the participle praises upbringing, so it gets its own English Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Agrevains agrevain name Agravain 120 the modern English form; the owner's rule, never Malory's spelling Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster aiole aiole word grandmother 31 Paris and Ulrich's grand'mère Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Alain alain name Alain 31 the 1886 edition's form; English has no other Paris and Ulrich's name index aliege alegier word ease lighten, of a heart 100 said of the king's pain easing when he sees Igraine; "alleviate" is clinical Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster 100: aliege, in the sentence that turns onto page 101, said under page 101's marker, which opens the paragraph the French page turns in aler aler word go pass away, of a death; sail away, where people leave by ship (1:80) 14 the common verb; Paris and Ulrich list it for the sense of dying, which English says gently Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster amenteues, ramentevés amentevoir word call to mind mention, for a name spoken of; remind, for ramentevoir 33 Paris and Ulrich's rappeler: bringing back to memory, not merely saying Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster amui amuir word lose his speech lose her speech, for a woman; lost his speech, the past 130 Uther falls silent with sickness; "become mute" is clinical Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Anglois anglois name the English 85 the people, as English names them Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster anveus anvel word yearly 98 "yearly feasts" is plainer than "annual feasts" Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster apenser apenser word make think make … think, with the person between (1:44) 44 Merlin speaks to make the clerks think harder; "remind" loses the effort Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Artus, Artu artus name Arthur 47 the form every English reader knows Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster assist asseoir word besiege sit down, for s'assist (1:28); set, for a man set in a seat (1:95); sat down, the past tense of sit down (1:28) 28 Paris and Ulrich list the siege of the duke's castle (1:106); the other two uses are the common verb Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Auctor auctor name Ector 124 the name readers know him by, the title of his Wikipedia article, which lists Auctor and Antor among his names; by /glossary's names a reader knows, on the owner's word of 6 October 2026, 3:35pm Paris and Ulrich's name index Aurelius Ambroisius aurelius ambroisius name Aurelius Ambrosius 85 the Latin name as English historians write it Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster avoutire avoutire word sex outside marriage adultery, where those named are married, as Merlin's "other than their husband or wife" (1:24) 6 Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire glosses it "fornication" (I, 6): sex outside marriage, adultery only where the people are married; the girl on page 6 is unmarried, so "adultery" sent the reader looking for a husband Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster baissiele baissiele word maid 12 a household servant girl; "maidservant" is stiffer Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster behourder, behourde, behourdis, behourdé behourder word joust the jousting, for behourdis 137 sport with blunted lances; "tilt" is archaic and "tourney" is the larger meeting Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Blaise, Blaises blaise name Blaise 30 the 1886 edition's form, which English keeps Paris and Ulrich's name index boskillons boskillon word woodcutter 63 Paris and Ulrich's bûcheron Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Bretel, Bretiaus bretel name Bretel 102 the 1886 edition's form; the oblique case, since English has no nominative ending Paris and Ulrich's name index Carduel carduel name Carduel 96 the 1886 edition's form; the text puts it in Wales, so the English does not swap in a town it may or may not be Paris and Ulrich's name index chainne chainne word the Supper the Last Supper, where the text names the meal with no table before it 95 the text means the meal Christ sat at, so a capital and no gloss Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster choulloient chouller word play ball 43 soule is unknown to most readers; the glossary explains it, the English says what the children are doing Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster consillier consillier word advise speak together in low voices, where two talk apart; adviser, for the noun, one who advises a lord (1:100); think over, of a matter weighed before an answer (1:118); confer, of lords called together to talk a matter over (1:142) 7 advice given, in today's word, not "counsel"; the whispered sense is Paris and Ulrich's second Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Constans, Constant constans name Constans 33 the 1886 edition's form, which is also the Latin Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster cotele cotelle word tunic 63 a short tunic; "coat" is too heavy Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster couvine couvine word way of life how she lives; what she does 8 "doings" is old idiom Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster croche croche word stick 43 the crooked stick of the ball game; "crook" reads as a shepherd's or a thief Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster defensable defensable word fit to fight 86 said of men able to bear arms, not of a place Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster dementer dementer word mourn cry out; wail 13 "lament" is old idiom Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster desconneue desconneue word taking another man for her husband 122 taking one man for another, said as what happened to her, since she was deceived and "mistake" reads as a fault of hers; "misprision" is a lawyer's word Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster descouper descouper word clear 28 to clear of blame, Paris and Ulrich's disculper Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster despanee despaner word in rags 63 a tunic torn to rags; one plain phrase Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster detraire detraire word tear apart torn apart, the past participle (1:37) 37 men torn apart by horses; "draw" is the old legal word and misleads Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster 37: the second, in the kinsmen's speech, detraire as chevaus, said 'a death as foul as that', since the narration has just told it; the first is used devia devier word die 31 the plain verb Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster dormant dormant word sleep dreamed, where en son dormant says again that it came in sleep (1:123) 14 en son dormant is "in his sleep"; the English never uses the word dormant, which underlines as a glossary heading Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster dolousoit doulouser word upset cry over; suffer 21 "grieve" is old idiom Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster edefis, edefiemens edefis word buildings houses; property 17 a second English, so it never comes twice close together Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Ekupedes ekupedes name Ekupedes 28 the 1886 edition's word for a kind of devil; English has no other Paris and Ulrich's name index enbarni embarnir word fill out grow strong, of a man 16 said of a pregnant woman growing big; the sense of strength is Paris and Ulrich's Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster embatirent embatre word come upon came upon, the past tense (1:45); burst in on, where men push in on someone to his face (1:36) 36 s'embatre is to come on a place or a man unawares Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster encarchier, encarka enchargier word conceive 18 Paris and Ulrich's concevoir Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster encuser, encuserai encuser word accuse name, where the speaker refuses to give a name 16 the plain verb Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster endementiers endementiers word while meanwhile, with no que after it 32 endementiers que joins two acts, so "while" Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster engenreure engenreure word fathering fathered, where the English turns the noun into a verb (1:25) 25 Changed 3 October 2026, 3:48pm, on the owner's word that old English idiom gives way to today's: was "begetting", old English; "fathering" keeps the father's side the text asks after. Reaches 1:25, corrected. Before: of a child's being fathered; "conception" is the mother's side Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Engleterre, Engletere engleterre name England 33 the form every English reader knows Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster ensement ensement word in that way likewise 14 "no woman was ever deflowered in that way"; "likewise" would compare two things the sentence does not Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster entechie entechié word graced with 122 endowed with good qualities; "endowed" suggests money Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster entrues entruesque word while 66 entrues que joins two acts Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster erraument erraument word at once 126 Paris and Ulrich's aussitôt Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster esmaiier, esmaiiés esmaiier word be dismayed lose heart 7 the confessor's "do not be dismayed"; dismay is the word's own English Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster estavoirs estavoir word needs 18 what one needs to live; "necessaries" is old Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster estore estore word fleet 61 a fleet of ships, not a store Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Evain eve name Eve 1 the form every English reader knows Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster fies fie word time 16 as in once or three times; par toutes les fies is "every time" Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Gahariès gahariès name Gahariès 120 the 1886 edition's form; no guess at which brother in another book he is Paris and Ulrich's name index Gales gales name Wales 96 the form every English reader knows Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster Gauvain, Gauvains gauvain name Gawain 120 the modern English form; the owner's rule, never Malory's spelling Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster guenchi guenchir word wheel around 112 a horseman turning to face his pursuers Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Guerrehès guerrehès name Guerrehès 120 the 1886 edition's form, its brackets read in; no guess at which brother in another book he is Paris and Ulrich's name index Hangus, Hanguis, Hangu hangus name Hengist 38 the Saxon leader as English history names him Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster 61: Paris and Ulrich's added words naming Hengist end page 61 and are given in English under page 62's marker, which opens the paragraph the French page turns in heut heut word hilt 135 a sword driven in to the hilt Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster housiaus hosel word leggings 63 leather leggings; "hose" is now stockings Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster huge huge word chest trunk; box 5 a second English, so it never comes twice close together Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Irlande irlande name Ireland 93 the form every English reader knows Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster jehir jehir word confess 24 to own up to a wrong Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Jesucrist, Jesucris, Jhesucrist, Jesus jesucrist name Jesus Christ Jesus, where the text writes Jesus alone (1:95); Christ, where the sentence has named him 4 the full name, as the text gives it Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster Jordain, Jourdain, Jourdains jordain name Jordain 110 the 1886 edition's form; no guess at which knight in another book he is Paris and Ulrich's name index Joseph joseph name Joseph of Arimathea Joseph, once the passage has named him in full 31 the full English name tells the reader which Joseph Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster 32: the sentence naming him turns onto page 33 and is given in English under page 33's marker, which opens the paragraph the French page turns in jovle jovle word young 72 the plain adjective Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Ké, Kés ké name Kay 133 the form every English reader knows Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster laidengier laidengier word insult 43 a boy calling Merlin fatherless; "abuse" now suggests harm to the body Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Logres logres name Logres 130 the 1886 edition's form, which is the modern English form Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster los los word advice word, as "on your word"; suggestion 18 a second English, so it never comes twice close together Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Loth loth name Lot 119 the modern English form; the owner's rule, never Malory's "King Lot" as a name Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster mar mar word what a pity to one's cost, where it follows the verb; bad luck, where a body or a life is born to it 8 "misfortune" is old idiom Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Merlin, Merlins, Mierlin, Mierlins merlin name Merlin 20 the form every English reader knows Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster mesaesmeroit mesaesmer word don't care look down on 43 "think little of" is old idiom Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster meskeu mescheoir word go badly gone badly, for the past tense (1:6) 6 of how things have gone for her Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster meserra meserrer word stray 5 she strayed from her faith; "err" is weaker Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Moine, Moines, Moyne, Moynes moine name Moine 33 the 1886 edition's form; it means monk, which the text says he was, and the English keeps it as a name Paris and Ulrich's name index 82: moynes, moines and moyne, a monk, not King Moine; the English says monk; 83: li moynes, the monk monter, monte monter word climb matter, for a cist conte monte, what matters to this story (1:33); mount, onto a horse (1:67) 5 the plain verb; the second sense is the narrator's Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Mordrès mordrès name Mordred 120 the modern English form Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster Morgue la fee, Morgue morgue name Morgan le Fay Morgan, where the text writes Morgue alone (1:120) 120 the modern English form; her sister Morgans is another woman and gets her own row Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster Neutres neutres name Neutres 120 the 1886 edition's form; no guess at which king in another book he is Paris and Ulrich's name index Norhomberlande norhomberlande name Northumberland 46 the form every English reader knows Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster ochoison ochoison word cause on account of, for a l'ochoison de 53 "occasion" is a false friend Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster oirre oirre word journey 48 a road or a journey; atorné son oirre is "made ready for his journey" Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Orkenie, Orkanie orkenie name Orkney 119 the form every English reader knows Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster ostoiier ostoiier word make war battle, ready for battle where war is said in the sentence before (1:105) 105 to take the field with an army Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Pendragon, Pandragon, Pandragons pandragon name Pendragon 33 the modern English form Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster pourcach pourcach word scheming 6 par son pourcach is "by his own scheming" Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster pourcachier, pourcacha, porcache, porchacié, pourcache, pourcachiés, pourcachoit, porcachier, pourcacier pourcachier word bring about get for someone, with a person who gains; brought about, the past tense (1:28); raise, of an army gathered (1:60); plot, said again near bring about (1:105) 6 working to make a thing happen; "procure" is a false friend Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster raplegier raplegier word vouch for 52 to stand surety with one's life; "stand surety" is legal jargon, and the passage says "on your lives" Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster regnaule regnavle word fitting reasonable 145 gifts that are fitting to each man; "reasonable" now means cheap Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster reposte reponre word hide hidden, for the past participle reposte (1:1) 1 nothing the devils hid; Paris and Ulrich's cacher Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster revelerent reveler word rebel 37 never "reveal": the people rose against Vortigern Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Romme romme name Rome 33 the form every English reader knows Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster Saisnes, Saisne saisne name Saxons a Saxon, for one man 33 the people as English history names them Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster 61: Paris and Ulrich's added words naming Hengist the Saxon end page 61 and are given in English under page 62's marker, which opens the paragraph the French page turns in Salesbieres salesbieres name Salisbury 87 the form every English reader knows Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster serie seri word calm 112 coie et serie is "quiet and calm" Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Sorhaut sorhaut name Sorhaut 120 the 1886 edition's form; English has no other Paris and Ulrich's name index sorti, sortirent sortir word read the stars learned from the stars, where the outcome follows 53 the clerks' divination, the art the text calls astronomy (1:39), seen "in the elements" (1:58); "cast lots" calls up the soldiers at the cross and "their art" is old, by the owner's note of 4 October 2026, 5:23pm; never the modern "go out" Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster sourconsilla sourconsillier word give bad advice 131 the opposite of consillier, so it keeps its word Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster teche, teches teche word quality fault, with mauvaise 122 a trait of character, good or bad Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Tintaguel, Tintageul tintageul name Tintagel 99 the modern English form Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster Urfin, Urfins urfin name Ulfin 100 the modern English form; the owner's rule, never Malory's Ulfius Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster Uter Pandragon, Uters Pandragons, Uter, Uters uter name Uther Uther Pendragon, for Uter Pandragon after he takes his brother's name (1:92 on) 33 the modern English form; from page 92 the text gives him his brother's name, and Uther Pendragon is that name's modern English form Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster Vertigier, Vertigiers vertigier name Vortigern 33 the king as English history names him Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster vieut vieut word empty 95 the empty seat at the table Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Wincestre wincestre name Winchester 60 the form every English reader knows Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster Ygerne, Igerne ygerne name Igraine 99 the modern English form Paris and Ulrich's name index; Merriam-Webster anemis, anemi, enemi anemi word the devil devil, without "the" where the sentence needs it; he, him, where "devil" came within forty words; demon, where "devil" came within forty words; Satan, where the text means the devil himself and not one of his host (1:30); devils, for li anemi as a host (1:1); enemies, for a man's own foes and not the devil (1:127, 1:129) 1 the devil, by the word people use: nobody calls the devil "the Enemy" now, and the reader stopped on it; the plural acting together is the devils; on the owner's word of 4 October 2026, 8:54pm, by /translate's endnotes rule Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes 60: tes anemis, Vortigern's own enemies, 'your enemies', not the devil; 129: the second, contre ses anemis, 'the Saxons', since 'enemies' comes again in the same paragraph dyables, dyable, diable dyable word devil demon 1 the devil, by more than one name, so no name comes twice close together Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes 31: the sentence naming them turns onto page 32 and is given in English under page 32's marker, which opens the paragraph the French page turns in Dieus, Dieu, Diex dieu word God 1 the plain name Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes 1: the sentence naming them begins on page 1 and is given in English under page 2's marker, which opens the sentence the French page turns in; 50: the woman's plea, por Dieu mierchi, is given in English under page 51's marker, which opens the paragraph the French page turns in; 76: Uters le commande a Dieu, a goodbye, said as one by /translate's said goodbye; 145: the barons' de par Dieu opens a sentence that ends on page 146 and is given in English under page 146's marker, which opens the paragraph the French page turns in preudom, preudomme, preudommes, preudoume, preudoumes, preudonme, preudomes, preudome, preudoms preudom word holy man rich man, for a man of standing rather than holiness, as the rich man of 1:4-6; husband, for the judge's mother's husband (1:28); decent man, for a man of good name in ordinary life, as the husband the sisters might marry (1:9); decent … men, for the plural, as the neighbors (1:11); best men, the plural, for a kingdom's knights and lords as one body, as the men Merlin will set struggling for Arthur (1:47); respected, for men of standing, as the judges' town and the judge's friends (1:6, 1:26); men of standing, the plural, where men are named by their rank, as Pendragon's and Uther's guardians and Vortigern's advisers (1:35, 1:39); gentleman, for a well-dressed man of standing the speaker doesn't know, as the men whose shapes Merlin takes (1:66); the man, for that gentleman named again on the same page (1:73); good, of a man's character, as the barons the archbishop says aren't good enough (1:136) 4 "holy man" keeps the text's one word for the confessor, whose goodness is the point, in today's words; "decent" and "respected" for everyone else the word names, by their standing; "rich man" for the rich man of 1:4-6 and "husband" for the judge's mother's husband; "good man" and "worthy man" are old idiom, by the owner's words of 3 October 2026, 9:29pm and 10:21pm; "prudhomme" is not English Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes 36: the first two, li preudomme, the guardians, said 'the two' and 'the two men', since page 35 has just named them men of standing; the third, the saying, is used; 49: si preudomme et si sage enfant, said of the boy Merlin, 'as good and wise', since none of the row's renderings fits a child; 48: the second, cil preudomme, the messengers, 'these men', named by Merlin to his mother; 50: the first two, the mourning husband before Merlin says who he is, 'that man', the third 'the husband'; 55: the second, beside the clerks and the laymen, 'the nobles'; 67: the second, uns moult biaus preudom ... moult bien sambla preudom, said once as 'a gentleman in every way he looked', the third, the gentleman's reply, said under page 68's marker, which opens the paragraph the French page turns in; 68: the second, the gentleman's answer, 'the stranger', since 'gentleman' stands in the line before; 75: k'en tient il a che preudomme, 'what has he got to do with it', since he stands before them; 75: the last, le preudomme in Uther's plea, 'him', said under page 76's marker, which opens the paragraph the French page turns in; 116: the second, li preudomme dient voir, 'these envoys', the men of standing named a sentence before; 123: the sixth, li preudom en fu tous esbahis, 'he', and the seventh, del preudomme, 'they parted', the man named in the sentence before; 124: the second, Ensi sevra li preudom, 'he'; 134: the second, uns des plus preudommes, 'one of the holiest men'; 135: the first, li preudom qui cantoit la messe, said as 'the archbishop of Logres', since the French names him in the same breath; the fourth, Lors canta li preudom, 'he' preudefeme, preudefemes preudefeme word decent woman decent … women, for the plural 11 the feminine of preudom, for a woman of good name; "good woman" is old idiom Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes puciele, pucieles puciele word girl young woman; sister, where the two sisters are meant 6 a second English, so it never comes twice close together Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes damoisiele, damoisieles, demoisiele, damoisele damoisiele word young woman girl; lady; young women, the plural (1:79) 9 a second English, so it never comes twice close together Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes confessour, confessours confessour word confessor priest 6 a second English, so it never comes twice close together Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes penitanche, penitance penitanche word penance atonement 14 a second English, so it never comes twice close together Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes menistres, menistre menistres word ministers priests; clergy 2 a second English, so it never comes twice close together Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes creanche, creance creance word faith belief, where the text weighs what someone believes rather than the Christian faith 5 the Christian faith as a whole, which the good man teaches Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes justiche, justice justiche word justice the law, where it names the power that judges; punish, for faire justice de, where the law's sentence falls on someone (1:6) 6 Changed 3 October 2026, 3:48pm, on the owner's word that old English idiom gives way to today's: "do justice on her" is old English for punishing her by law, so faire justice de is "punish" and the noun stays "justice". Reaches 1:6, 1:17, 1:18, 1:22 and 1:25, all corrected. Before: kept in its hard sense of punishment by law, which the glossary explains; "execution" would say more than every use does Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes iretage, iretages iretage word inheritance 9 the plain English word Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes dangier dangier word danger 9 here the danger of the law; "power", the word's other old sense, does not fit the passage Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes segnier, sainne, sainna, sainnierent, saingnierent, saingnent, saingne segnier word cross bless, where a priest signs another 10 to make the sign of the cross on oneself, said in English as "cross yourself" Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes clarté, clartés clarté word light lamp; candle 11 a second English, so it never comes twice close together Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes baceler baceler word young man 6 a young man not yet settled; "bachelor" now means only an unmarried man Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes vallet, vallès, varlès, varlet vallet word young man servant, for a household servant (1:12) 6 "manservant" is old idiom Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes 75: the second, che vallet, 'him', in Uther's answer straight after the king names the servant; 138: li autres varlès apriès, said 'Arthur', since with Ector and Kay walking ahead 'the young man' could be either son garchon, garchons garchon word thugs gang; men; boy, for a serving boy who carries a message, as the boy whose shape Merlin takes (1:72); boy, a lowborn youth, as the barons call Arthur (1:140, 1:141) 12 "ruffians" is old idiom; low fellows who beat the older sister, and "boys" would make them children Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes 74: the first, trouverent le garchon, 'someone else entirely', since the boy is named in the sentence before prophete prophete word prophets 1 the prophets of the Old Testament Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes 1: the sentence naming them begins on page 1 and is given in English under page 2's marker, which opens the sentence the French page turns in infer infer word hell 1 the plain word Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes Damedieu damedieu word the Lord God 19 the text's solemn compound for God, kept apart from plain Dieus as the more formal name Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes prevoire, prouvoire, prestre prevoire word priest the man; her lover, where the judge's mother's priest is meant 27 a second English, so it never comes twice close together Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes juge, juges juge word judge the court; magistrate 6 a second English, so it never comes twice close together Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes 26: si dist li juges, when all are in the room, said 'he said to Merlin', the judge named in the sentence before martyre martyre word martyrdom death; execution 22 a second English, so it never comes twice close together Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition; Paris and Ulrich's margin notes esmiervillierent, esmervillierent, esmervilla, esmiervilla, esmiervilleras esmerveillier word astonished alarmed, at danger; stunned, at bad news; baffled, at what can't be explained; amazed, at a true wonder; wondered, where the text asks how a thing can be 4 one Old French verb for wonder, shock, bewilderment and alarm; English names the feeling its cause gives, never one word everywhere (the owner's word of 3 October 2026, 9:54pm) Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster 21: the sentence naming it ends page 21 and is given in English under page 22's marker, which opens the paragraph the French page turns in; 64: the sentence naming it ends page 64 and is given in English under page 65's marker, which opens the paragraph the French page turns in; 75: the last, Uther's wonder as he looks at the gentleman, said under page 76's marker as 'more amazed than ever' aisnee aisnee word older firstborn 7 a second English, so it never comes twice close together Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster maisnee maisnee word younger 7 the younger of two sisters, la maisnee, set against l'aisnee Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster toise, toises toise word feet 38 the source's own measure, about six and a half feet, said in US feet as loosely as the source says it, "twenty feet or so" for trois toises u quatre; "fathoms" is a sailor's measure of water depth, by the owner's round of 4 October 2026, 12:00pm Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition liue, liues, lieue liue word mile 49 the source's own measure of road, about three miles, said in US miles, "a mile and a half" for demie liue; "league" is a measure a reader has to convert, by the owner's round of 4 October 2026, 12:00pm Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition litiere litiere word stretcher stretchers, for more than one 128 a bed on two poles, carried by men or slung between two horses, for a king too sick to ride; "litter" is trash or puppies to a reader now, judged old on the owner's word of 6 October 2026, 2:12pm, and "stretcher" on the owner's word of 2:16pm, its first use given an endnote on what one was Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster englume englume word anvil metal, said again near anvil (1:135) 135 the smith's block the sword is driven through Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster galilee galilee word porch 135 the porch or chapel before a church door; "galilee" is a word only architects know Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster perron, perrons perron word stone great stone, where the size matters 135 one name for one thing through the scene: the reader knows the sword in the stone, and "block" made them ask whether it was the same object; an also never renames an object, by /translate's No word twice Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster 135: the second, sour cel perron, 'On top', the block named in the sentence before Toussains toussains word All Saints' Day 133 the feast of November 1 by the name US churches use Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition aumosnes aumosnes word charity give to the poor, where people are told to give it (1:133) 129 gifts to the poor for the love of God; "alms" is book English Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster garce garce word peasant woman 133 a woman of low birth, with none of the modern French word's insult Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster escuiiers escuiier word squire 133 a young man of good birth who serves before he is knighted Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Candeler, Chandeler candeler word Candlemas 141 the feast of February 2, the name English churches still give it Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition Pasques pasques word Easter 141 the feast by its everyday name Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster Penthecouste penthecouste word Pentecost 141 the feast seven weeks after Easter, by the name US churches use; "Whitsun" is British Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster; The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition senescal, senescaus senescal word steward the post, said again near steward (1:140) 140 the officer who runs a lord's household and lands; "seneschal" is a word only historians use Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster heudure heudure word hilt 138 the handle of a sword, where Arthur takes hold of it Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster meslee meslee word brawl fight, said again near brawl 137 a free-for-all among the young men, not a battle Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster sacre sacre word coronation crowning, said again near coronation 143 the anointing and crowning of a king, one rite; "consecration" is a bishop's Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster travillier, travilliés, travilla travillier word work hard struggling, for men set working toward a goal, as the best men Merlin will set struggling for Arthur (1:47); wasting your time, for a useless search, as the king's messengers looking for Merlin (1:63); in labor, for a woman giving birth, as Igraine (1:125) 46 one verb of effort and suffering whose English is decided by what is done: "work hard" at a task, "struggle" toward a goal, "wasting your time" at a useless search, "in labor" in childbirth; a bare "work" leaves the reader asking at what, by the owner's note of 4 October 2026, 2:31pm Godefroy, travaillier; Merriam-Webster; Paris and Ulrich's margin note on 1:47 46: Et bien t'en deveras travillier, said under page 47's marker, which opens the paragraph the French page turns in travail travail word trials hardship, for what one person suffers rather than the great trials of an age 47 the great hardships and struggles of Arthur's time Merlin foretells, Paris and Ulrich's margin "les hauts faits"; "labors" reads as work done for wages, by the owner's note of 4 October 2026, 2:31pm Godefroy, travail; Merriam-Webster; Paris and Ulrich's margin note on 1:47 47: the second, cil rois a cui tans cil grant travail seront, said 'he', the fourth king, since the sentence has just named the trials and his coming signour, signours, signors, signor, segnour, seignour signour word lord my lord, where one man calls another his lord to his face; husband, where a wife names her lord (1:51) 1 the lord a man serves; where Signour opens a speech to a group it is a call nobody makes now, and the English opens on what is said, so "Sirs" is never written, by the owner's note of 4 October 2026, 3:57pm Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster 24: Signour opens a speech to a group, left unsaid; 39: the same; 40: the same; 41: the same; 42: the same; 43: the same; 44: the same; 45: the same; 48: the same; 50: the same; 52: the same; 53: the same; 57: the same; 79: the same; 114: the same; 117: the same mere mere word mother mom, where someone speaks of or to their own mother, "my mom" or "Mom" (1:21); parents, where father and mother are named together (1:139) 7 the plain word in the narration and for someone else's mother; nobody calls their own mom "mother" now, by the owner's note of 4 October 2026, 3:57pm Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster congiet, congié, congiés congiet word permission goodbye, in prendre congiet a, "say goodbye to" (1:41); let, in par vostre congié, "if you'll let me" (1:48) 23 leave given to go; "leave" for permission and "take leave" for saying goodbye are old English, by the owner's note of 4 October 2026, 3:57pm Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster departir, departi, departirent, departés, departirons, departent, departe, partir, partira, partent departir word leave goodbye, where people leave each other, "said goodbye" (1:90); left, the past of leave (1:28); separate, where people or things are set apart (1:95); let go, for parting with what one holds (1:107, 1:130); end, of a meeting breaking up (1:4); broke up, the same (1:143); set out, of riders leaving on an errand (1:43); set off, the same (1:67) 4 to go away from, to separate or to share out, by what the moment holds; "parted" and "part from" for people leaving each other are old English, by the owner's note of 4 October 2026, 3:57pm Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster oiiés, oés oiiés word listen hear, where a sound or news is heard 48 oïr told to someone is a call to pay attention, which English says with "listen"; "hear what I tell you" is old, by the owner's note of 4 October 2026, 3:57pm Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster convient, convint, convenra, conviennent, convenoit convient word have to has to, with he, she or it (1:113); had to, the past (1:52); must, where it binds by right or by fate (1:89); should, where it advises (1:77); need, where it's a need rather than a duty (1:101) 46 il me convient is what someone has to do, said first and plainly, then where or why; "it behooves me" and "I owe" are book English, by the owner's note of 4 October 2026, 4:36pm Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster 130: a morir le convenoit, that he was going to die, said in the dying itself rendre, rend, rende rendre word give back give, where what's owed is handed over (1:19); serve, in rendre service, said as the verb (1:48); repay, of a reward (1:139); thank, in rendre grasce (1:135); nun, in faire rendre, "had her become a nun" (1:44); carry, in canques chevaus porent rendre, "as fast as their horses could carry them" (1:91) 19 to give back what is owed, by what the moment holds; rendre le service is said as a verb, "serve", never "give him the service", by the owner's note of 4 October 2026, 4:36pm Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster service service word service serve, where English says the act as a verb (1:34, 1:46, 1:48) 34 the noun where English keeps one, "your service"; the verb where the noun would make English carry a verb made into a thing, by the owner's note of 4 October 2026, 4:36pm Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster pleges, plege, plegié, plegerons, raplegier plege word vouch for the men who vouched for me, the people, where Merlin names them (1:54, 1:57); staked your lives, the vow said back to them (1:52); stand by, the reply to a call to vouch, "vouch" just said (1:52) 15 one who answers with their life or goods for another's promise; a legal role is said as the people and what they did, never "sureties", by the owner's note of 4 October 2026, 5:52pm Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster seurté, seurtés seurté word promise gave their word, where one side has the other's promise (1:118); promising, of people binding one another (1:133) 57 a guarantee given; said as the promise people make, never "assurance" or "a pledge", by the owner's note of 4 October 2026, 5:52pm Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster besoigne, besoingne besoigne word affairs business, for an errand a lord sends his men on; served, for a task done on someone's behalf 63 what someone needs done, Paris and Ulrich's besogne; "do your business" is the French word for word and now means something else, by the owner's note of 5 October 2026, 11:47am Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster desfier, desfié, desfions desfier word declare war on enemies, of men renouncing their lord (1:37) 37 the feudal notice that ends a bond and opens a war; "defy" now means only to stand up to someone, by the owner's note of 5 October 2026, 11:56am Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster prelas, prelat prelat word bishops 89 the Church's high clergy, its bishops and abbots; "prelates" is a churchman's word a reader has never heard, and the bishops are who the court gathers, by the owner's note of 5 October 2026, 2:59pm Paris and Ulrich's Vocabulaire; Godefroy; Merriam-Webster